Therapeutic Approaches for the No-Option Refractory Angina Patient

The combination of an aging population and improved survival rates among patients with coronary artery disease has resulted in increase the number refractory angina or anginal equivalent symptoms despite maximal medical therapy. Patients are often referred to cardiac catheterization laboratory; however, they have exhausted conventional revascularization options; thus, this is deemed as having “no options.” We review definition, prevalence, outcomes, therapeutic options, treatment considerations for no-option focus on novel therapies complex challenging population. propose a multidisciplinary team approach evaluation management angina, ideally designated clinic. severe limitations symptomatology experienced by these highlight need additional research into development innovative treatments.